نشریه گردشگری و توسعه
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 31، تابستان 1401)

This study attempts to identify the technical requirements that have more effect on meeting customer satisfaction by examining the customer requirements and Tourism Mobile Applications (TMAs) technical requirements and in fact using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach. In this regard, users’ technical requirements are identified by using literature review and experts’ interviews, as well as preparing different kinds of questionnaires. Then, the weights of these needs (as one of the inputs of QFD) are determined using fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) and, by drawing the house of quality, the final goal of this research can be achieved, which is to obtain the weight of the importance of the technical requirements according to the extracted needs. . These technical requirements include network environment, user interface, user experience, security, database, page layout, voice input, camera input, models design, controller design, search tool, API, ranking, ranking, commenting system, SEO, user roles, and content.. The results show that, “Content” has the greatest impact on meeting users’ satisfaction, by 8.1% weight percentage. In fact, the output of this survey is a guide to service providers to develop a TMA at the lowest possible cost which can increase customer satisfaction.

Today, tourism as an industry, in addition to all its advantages, without proper planning can impose several negative consequences on the natural environment and human community of the destination. Therefore, "sustainability" has become one of the requirements of tourism planning. The present study, understanding the importance of this issue, has tried to identify strategies for achieving sustainable tourism for the city of Khansar. The method of the present research is descriptive-interpretive and based on documentary studies and field survey. Initially, sustainable urban tourism variables were extracted from valid domestic and foreign sources, which resulted in achieving a comprehensive range of variables in 13 dimensions, including the natural environment, pollutants and ecological hazards, economic, social, managerial, transportation, tolerable capacity of the city, health, tourist attractions, the foundations of the local community, physical or non-physical infrastructures of tourism and satisfaction with tourism. Then, the variables are entered in the Micmac software to implement structural equations model with future research approach, and pairwise comparisons between variables are performed by Delphi method with the participation of 15 experts. The output of the model shows the most important Impressive and influential variables in the field of sustainable tourism in Khansar city, based on which the proposed strategies have been developed. Findings show that the variables of "long-term plans for tourism development" and "existence of tourist attractions, historical monuments and their protection" will have the greatest impact on the realization of sustainable tourism in Khansar city, and therefore strategies having priority, should be based on them.

In recent decades; Researchers have focused on explaining the spatial behavior of tourist movement in urban destinations. So that; Achieving optimal strategies for the development of urban tourism requires understanding the usual rule between user behavior and the space of tourist destinations. The purpose of this study is to identify the pattern of spatial behavior of visitors in order to develop tourism in the historical context of Yazd. This applied research has been evaluated by descriptive-analytical method. and; From the total annual statistical population of tourists in Yazd city, 360 tourists were randomly selected using the Cochran method in the historical context and information was collected from interview questionnaires and GIS system. In the analysis stage, two independent sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used in SPSS software. Finally, the analysis of the spatial pattern of visitors' movement in their cognitive maps has been done with the AGRAPH spatial arrangement method. The results show that in terms of individual characteristics of tourists; Income rate index, tourist travel characteristics; Movement pattern index and physical characteristics of the destination; The intensity of the distribution of attractions / activities had the most impact on the spatial movement of visitors to the historical context of Yazd. Finally, according to the cognitive maps of the visitors, seven patterns of space movement behavior in the destination have been identified. According to the final pattern, Amir Chakhmaq complex node has the best conditions in the historical context of Yazd.

In today's world, the media is more influential than ever in the behavior of the target audience. The message sent by them can be interpreted in different ways. Many tourist destinations use the media to attract tourists and develop their destinations. One of the most popular media in the field of tourism is television, which can be a good reflection of the characteristics and attractions of a tourist destination by sending images, sound and movement. In order for the message to be designed to be efficient and effective in this regard, its features need to be defined in accordance with the purpose of introducing the destination. This research is aimed at explaining these features for television media with a qualitative-quantitative approach and using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM). By conducting documentary studies and interviews with experts in the field of tourism and media, eight factors were identified and their relationship was explained using fuzzy cognitive mapping, and the importance of each in meeting the goal was examined. The findings showed that the three characteristics of educating and informing tourists were more important than other characteristics by emphasizing advertising and news exposure, creating TV shows on tourism and engaging tourists on the image of a destination, and finally choosing that destination. .

One of the main indicators for measuring the development of tourism in cities is their competitiveness, which also plays an important role in the general development of tourism in the country. The purpose of this study is to measure Iran cities tourism competitiveness by considering destination management as a moderating variable. In this study, using a progressive approach based on the capabilities of Iranian cities for tourism development, first the initial conceptual model based on research literature was developed and then a questionnaire was reviewed and revised with the opinions of academic experts. This questionnaire was then provided to experienced tour guides in order to test the conceptual model with PLS-based route analysis method. The results showed that the competitiveness of tourism in Iranian cities is not in a favorable position in any of the indicators of competitiveness based on capability, including tourism standards, tourism growth capacity, competitiveness of tourism enterprises and futuristic tourism, and the scores obtained in all indicators are below average. That is, the number is 3. Also, regarding the competitiveness of tourism in Iranian cities, the moderating role of destination management on the variable of demand conditions was confirmed, but regarding other variables, it was rejected.

The effect of architectural components and tourists' perception and interpretation of the conditions, processes and consequences of the destination formation are of great importance. In this research, the destination is traditional accommodations that attract tourists' attention. We conducted this study using a qualitative approach; our aim was to understand the tourists' mental image of Kashan traditional accommodations in online media, and to explain the role of place representation in these media and design a model for it. We collected the research data through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 32 domestic and foreign tourists, experienced tour guides, content production experts and managers of traditional residences, as well as through our field observations. We applied Corbin and Strauss's innovative grounded theory to analyze the data and present the final theory. Based on this method and through open, centralized and selective coding, we draw the research findings and presented in the form of a paradigm model consisting of three dimensions of conditions, strategies and consequences. Our findings include 9 sub-categories, including cyberspace, place-based representation, cultural tourism, geographical base of destination, managerial factors, tourist, place evaluation, online interaction and exchange, and promotion of architectural tourism. The main category of this research is mediated experience of place, which includes sub-categories. We designed a conceptual model to explain the relationships between categories. Recognition of the effective architectural components in the representation of the buildings was rendered by explaining the formation of tourists' mental image of the traditional accommodations of Kashan in online media. The results of this study can help architects and tourism professionals to understand the tourists' perceptions and needs of traditional accommodations in online media.

The profitability of tourism destinations due to the return of loyal tourists has made tourism one of the leading sectors in the global economy, which is highly dependent on natural and cultural resources and should be used responsibly. The purpose of this study is to explore destination social responsibility dimensions of tourism destinations in Guilan province from the perspective of tourists and to investigate its effect on revisit intention and the effect of destination trust and Tourists’ satisfaction as a mediator and destination reputation as a moderator in this regard, by using sequential exploratory mixed method. At the beginning and in the qualitative stage of research, the economic, environmental, cultural, legal and ethical dimensions of destination social responsibility obtained from classical Grounded theory research method throughIn-depth interview with 12 tourists and coded by using "MAXQDA" software, and then have been tested along with hypotheses which obtained from studying the Iranian and foreign literature, by non-probability sampling and snowball method through a questionnaire from 236 Iranian tourist samples and using structural equation modeling by "PLS" method and software "SPSS". Findings show that destination social responsibility does not have a direct and significant effect on revisit intention. But this relationship was indirectly confirmed through destination trust and Tourists’ satisfaction.. Reputation also has a moderating role in the relationship between environmental, cultural, legal dimensions with trust in the destination and also the ethical dimension with the Tourists’ satisfaction.

The main purpose of this study is to design a resilience model in the tourism industry in the prevalence of Covid 19 disease. The research method is qualitative and the statistical population is studied by senior managers of tourism industry in Markazi province. This study used interviews with 15 participants in senior positions in the tourism industry, so the method used is grounded theory, which is used to extract components from Atlas TI software. The content of the interview responses was analyzed, which resulted in 24 sub-themes that were further concentrated on the 6 main topics. The predominant sub-topics that emerged as a result of qualitative research included the need for economic, social, personal, technological, human resource management, and media roles to combat this crisis. This study critiques salient issues based on the arguments in the literature and reflects on the consequences of decision makers. The main implications of this study are set in terms of topics that add to the evolving theory of COVID-19 and the tourism industry. And managerial advice to solve many problems while learning the basics from the current situation. The limitations and scope of future research are also discussed.

This research aims to identify the challenges of sustainable tourism development in Kerman province. Tourism as a multidimensional phenomenon has been growing steadily and increasingly. Kerman is the largest province of Iran with its diverse climate and attractions and has many advantages in the field of tourism. In this research, using themathic analysis method, through semi-organized interviews with academic experts and private sector activists and interviews of executives reflected in the media, an attempt has been made to identify the challenges of sustainable tourism development. The result of the open coding stage is the identification of 85 challenges for the development of sustainable tourism in Kerman province. In the next step, the concepts are categorized into eight themes. These themes are: 1) Policy and planning challenges 2) Management and administrative challenges 3) Transportation and communication challenges 4) Hotel and accommodation challenges 5) Advertising and information challenges 6) challenges of Infrastructure Welfare and recreational facilities 7) Challenges of education and tourist guidance 8) Environmental challenges. Each of this themes includes challenges that are conceptually related to each other and explain a specific dimension of sustainable tourism in Kerman province.

The importance of the tourist destination image for researchers in the tourism industry is clear. This importance has been considered mainly due to its effect on tourists' mental perception and the resulting behavior (destination selection). On the other hand, tourism infrastructure directly affects the formation of the destination image and this image affects the choice of destination. In order to ensure the satisfaction of tourists and their subsequent behavioral purposes, it is necessary to provide a destination image after visiting as an expeditor for destination marketing. This paper aims to investigate the effect of infrastructure on destination image for effective marketing, identifying dimensions and components of tourism infrastructure and future behavioral intentions of tourists using conventional qualitative content analysis method. Data collection tools are semi-structured interviews that were collected from 10 government managers and the private sector in the field of tourism using purposive sampling method. Data analysis was performed with "MaxQDA" software and by examining and classifying the descriptive codes obtained from the interview texts, 42 sub-categories were identified. Out of these 42 sub-categories, 13 main concepts: Pre-visit destination image, post-visit destination image, tourism superstructures and infrastructure (communication, accessibility, attractions, social elements, accommodation, services and amenities tourist satisfaction, destination marketing, tourist motivation and Tourist’s behavioral intention were obtained according to their similarity and semantic similarity; Concepts that can help policymakers and stakeholders in policy making to better and deeper understanding of this concept

Music tourism is a type of cultural tourism whose market size has increased significantly in the last decade and has been highly regarded by researchers around the world. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the key factors affecting the promotion of music tourism in Bushehr province (as a case). Also, the priority of these factors is explained from the perspective of incoming tourists. In addition, the infrastructure and facilities needed to enhance the appeal of local music events have been analyzed. Literature study method, interviews with experts and questionnaires were used to collect data and structural analysis approach (micmac software) and statistical methods (Friedman test) as well as content analysis were used to analyze the data and explain the findings. The results of structural analysis show that "culture, ceremonies and special rituals of the host society", "transparency and efficiency of economic and managerial processes", "alignment of music with the tourist image of the destination" and "marketing and media attention" are the most effective factors in increasing the attractiveness of Music events. Also, the importance and priority of each of the identified key factors, including tangible and intangible cultural heritage and the required facilities and infrastructure from the perspective of cultural tourists, have been evaluated. Finally, the infrastructure and facilities required for the development of music tourism in Bushehr province have been identified and proposed in the form of four main dimensions: "host community culture", "music event management", "residence" and "transportation

One of the negative effects on tourism destinations due to the externalities of peak periods is the reduction in travel demand because of crowding out. This study investigate the crowding out effect on tourism in Mashhad, the period of Nowruz 1398. The research methodology is based on the combination of survey data of Nowruz 2019 and registration data of spring and Nowruz 2011-2019, is based on the theoretical concepts and mathematical modeling of the Preuss (2011) study. The results of the research indicate the existence of a significant effect of crowding out in the Nowruz holiday in Mashhad. Despite the large investments in tourism in this city and the high share of tourism facilities in this city (compared to the country), still in peak periods of tourism, these facilities do not meet the needs of all tourists. Although the crowding out effect obtained during Nowruz 1398 in Mashhad is about 24% of the total number of stay-night tourists in this city, but this effect is expected to be much less than other day of year. Therefore, attracting more capital to build tourism facilities (especially accommodation units), cannot be considered as a useful solution to reduce the crowding out effect.

The establishment of free industrial trade zones in the world has often been able to lead to the development and prosperity of the surrounding areas. Tourism is one of the most important sectors affected by the free zone. Free trade-industrial zones, due to their legal structure and ease of international trade, can develop tourism and thus cause development and progress around the region. Anzali Free Zone is one of the most important free zones in Iran and the only free zone on the Caspian Sea coast, which was established in 2005. Considering the importance of the Anzali Free Trade Zone and the goals set for it, this study has investigated whether the establishment of the Anzali Free Zone has been able to have a positive effect on tourism in Gilan. in this study, to answer this question, Synthetic control methods have been used. According to the results of the implementation of the Synthetic control methods, the establishment of the Anzali Free Zone has had a positive and significant effect on the tourism value added in Gilan province. As the results of the simulated model show that compared to the situation where the Anzali Free Zone was not established, the establishment of the Anzali Free Zone has increased the per capita value added of tourism in Gilan province by more than 30%, in other words, if Non-establishment of Anzali Free Zone in 2005, currently the per capita value added of tourism in Gilan province was almost 70% of the current amount

Success in tourism requires the use of new marketing tools to reach target segments and meet the needs of the consumers of this growing industry. This research aims to investigate the impact of mobile marketing on tourists’ behavioral intentions and destination brand equity. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study includes tourists who have visited the cities of Isfahan and Shiraz that 293 of them were selected and examined by non-random sampling method. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach' alpha coefficient and its validity was confirmed by the average variance extracted. Research data were obtained through standard electronic questionnaires and analyzed using Spss22 and Smart-PLS3 software. The results of data analysis with structural equation modeling showed that mobile marketing has a positive and significant effect on tourists’ behavioral intentions and destination brand equity. It was also revealed that destination brand equity has a positive and significant effect on tourists’ behavioral intentions. Additionally, the mediating role of destination brand equity on the relationship between mobile marketing and tourists’ behavioral intentions was confirmed. According to the research results, mobile marketing as one of the new and effective marketing tools can be used specifically to promote tourism destinations and to affect tourists’ behavior. These results can be beneficial for managers and marketers of tourism destinations.

TripAdvisor is one of the most popular websites in the field of tourism where tourists voluntarily share their comments with others on this website. Analyzing these comments is a new solution for business managers and marketers to increase the quality and improve services to tourists. The purpose of this study is to analyze the comments of tourists about Iranian restaurants by examining the comments of tourists registered on the TripAdvisor website. This research is applied in terms of the achievement or result, is exploratory in terms of the purpose, and is qualitative with regard to the type of data used. To collect tourists' opinions from this site, the restaurants that have received the most points from tourists from each city of Isfahan, Shiraz, Kerman, Tabriz and Rasht were considered. The method used in this research to collect and review data is content analysis. The results of content analysis of 200 collected data lead to the identification of seven categories (restaurant attractions, food attractions, perceived quality, perceived waiting time, mental perceptions, destination identification and brand reputation) of eighteen concepts (environmental attractions, emotional attractions, price attractions, creating a unique experience, ensuring health, good taste and quality, quality of human resources, quality of service, quality of customer service, customer-oriented quality, waiting time, waiting time During and before receiving food, tourists' attitudes, food image of destination, cultural symbolism, gained social prestige, restaurant reputation, food reputation and celebrities).

COVID-19 and Corona disease have proved that the pandemic catastrophes happened in the past are probable to occur again. Therefore, concerning the impossibility of sustainable prevention, it is essential to minimize the pandemic consequences in the economic, social, cultural, and political aspects of society. In the absence of adequate intelligence and census in investigating the impact of Coronavirus on tourism and the consequent aftermaths, it is possible to utilize Input-Output tables as well as the variance of incoming tourists. In the first 2 quarters of the year 1399, there has been a 96% decline in incoming tourists than the equivalent period of last year. The research estimation indicates that it will result in a 13.1% direct, indirect, and induced decrease in GDP. The results demonstrate that the “wholesale and retail services” as well as “after-service and supportive transportation industry” with transmission dissemination power index higher than 1 and transmission dispersion sensitivity less than 1 have strong forward linkages and “railway, sea, and air transports” as well as “religious services” with transmission dissemination power index less than 1 and transmission dispersion sensitivity higher than 1 have strong backward linkages.

Tourism is primarily a human activity that travels from origin to a destination for entertainment or business; Today, the development of tourism in the tourism industry is of great importance and has overshadowed various social and economic aspects. With the outbreak of the Corona virus in 2019, the world tourism industry has been facing an unprecedented recession for more than two years. The development of virtual tourism is one of the most important tools for success in e-commerce in the Corona era. The purpose of this study is to design a model for the development of virtual tourism in the Iranian tourism industry. The number of samples in this study was 8, which was done using 2 non-probability targeted methods (judgmental) and snowball method. This basis is the explanation of the virtual tourism development model in the Iranian tourism industry. In this regard, using the data theorizing of the foundation, the final model including 11 categories and 31 concepts has been obtained.

In the various definitions of tourism, human cognition and study are the focus of attention, and most of what anthropologists examine in human research is related to culture, and if culture is any form of behavior that is acquired And to be non-instinctive, this article also describes and explains this behavior in the field of research in the face of the subject of research with all the cultural and economic implications. The study of changes in tourism in the last half century and the semantic reconstruction of these changes and changes resulting from the prevalence of tourism in the mentioned areas is an important issue and the need for this research that requires strong theoretical support based on the approach of interpretive paradigm. The Emic approach is used to help examine the understanding and interpretation of the effects of tourism on the development of the local community. In the methodological dimension, the qualitative research method was used and the ethnographic approach was used as the operational research method and the grounded theory approach was used as the data analysis method. The research findings are expressed in the form of 7 major categories and one core category, ie an effective approach to sustainable tourism. Conclusion is based on this category; That areas of tourism in the field of research are out of the mass state and are on the way to achieving a sustainable tourism status

Torqabeh and Shandiz region has faced a large number of tourist arrivals in recent years due to its location in the tourism target area. This situation, while creating various opportunities, has provided problems for local residents in various fields, including law enforcement issues. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the population is 18 years and older, which according to the results of the last census is equal to 48520 people and the number of sample size according to Cochran's formula is 384 people. Multi-stage cluster sampling method and research tool is a questionnaire. In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire from face validity and construct validity; Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability were used to confirm the reliability and structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Findings show that police actions in crime prevention, crime control and control, traffic management and road transport, and finally police actions in monitoring the performance of recreational-tourist facilities, have a positive and significant effect on the satisfaction of residents of Torqabeh and Shandiz districts of Mashhad. If the actions of the police are a combination of preventive, counter and control measures, traffic management and monitoring of tourism areas, it can satisfy local residents.

Security has always been a basic necessity in human life. Tourism and security are two categories with different and interactive effects, and no industry is as dependent on security as tourism. Because tourists prioritize security factors when choosing a destination and accommodation. Thus, the management of destinations and ecolodges faces various challenges to achieving sustainable security. This article was designed with a practical purpose and in order to identify the factors affecting the security management of destinations and ecolodges and also to introduce the framework of these factors. Research was implemented by qualitative method. To obtain the required information, the knowledge and experience of managers of ecolodges and the challenges of their guests, snowball were used as sampling method and continued until the theoretical saturation was ensured. Data collection was done through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 14 experts and analysis of conversations was done using thematic analysis and using MAXQDA software and was approved for validation. From the analysis of the interviews, 342 concepts were extracted and during the coding process, a sixfold framework of factors affecting the security management of ecolodges including organization, people, technology, environment, experiences and time was obtained. Managers of sustainable ecolodges need to provide security and safety to satisfy guests through continuous planning, implementation, investigation and analysis of these six factors over time. In order to provide peace and comfort for the stakeholders, to provide economic, socio-cultural benefits and enjoyment of natural and man-made attractions for everyone.

Architectural attractions, as valuable resources of human understanding of the place, are diverse and varied, which, according to the climate, function and materials, have many attractions to be seen. Understanding the perceived experience of visitors is an important process in the continuation of the life of architectural attractions as a destination. Understanding how a place affects visitors and their experiences is valuable; Because tourists and visitors, by analyzing their experience, are the final judges of the visit. The aim of the current research is to investigate how the visitor's experience in Isfahan's Jame Atiq Mosque as a museum of Islamic-Iranian architecture affects the development of architectural tourism and also to identify the Effective factors on the experience. The research method is a descriptive-analytical type that was carried out by a survey method. The statistical population of this research is the visitors of Jame Atiq mosque in Isfahan. To determine the number of the research sample, the number of 217 people was obtained by simple random method and based on Morgan's table. The data collection was done by the questionnaire and the reliability of the research tool was confirmed by obtaining an alpha of 0.842. In order to analyze the data, Spearman's correlation test, regression and factor analysis were used in the SPSS software environment. The results of the correlation and regression test show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the experience of visitors of Jame Atiq Mosque and the development of architectural tourism, and the variable of visitor experience predicts the development of architectural tourism. Also, using the factor analysis test, eight factors were identified as effective factors in the visitor's experience and the development of architectural tourism.

The acceptance of “Military Heritage” as cultural heritage and the necessity of conserving its integrated structures to the surrounding cultural landscapes, occurred at an international level, after the foundation of ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Fortifications and Military Heritage. The effectiveness of cultural heritage conservation in general and military heritage in particular, can be guaranteed by creating social knowledge towards the heritage values that can subsequently enhance the quality of military heritage tourism; Following the same trend and by taking the descriptive-exploratory approach and applying interpretive-historical method, this qualitative research aims to recognize the tangible and intangible values of Qazaghkhaneh and Mashq Square in Tehran trough studying its physical-semantic evolution, as one of the most significant modern military heritage complexes in Iran; Then, by using the attitude assessment method, it tries to evaluate the quality of conservation of these values form the viewpoint of BagheMelli Campus students, as one of its remarkable tourist group. The findings of this study show the stabilized position of this complex as a military heritage structure among its audiences and tourists and measures the quality of their perception towards its values and their awareness about its conservation processes at a moderate to low level among the statistical society. By generalizing these results, it can be concluded that developing and implementing strategies to raise awareness among the stakeholders toward the values of various types of military heritage structures, can be an effective step to the conservation of this complex and enhancement of its tourism